Showing posts with label placements. Show all posts
Showing posts with label placements. Show all posts
Friday, December 20, 2013
List of Telecommunications companies of India
A
Aircel
Audience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. (aMap)
I
Idea Cellular
IMImobile
Indian Radio and Cable Communications Company
Indian Telephone Industries Limited
Idea Cellular
IMImobile
Indian Radio and Cable Communications Company
Indian Telephone Industries Limited
L
List of Bangalore telecom companies
List of Mumbai telecom companies
List of Shimoga Telecom Companies
List of telecom companies in India
Loop Mobile
List of Bangalore telecom companies
List of Mumbai telecom companies
List of Shimoga Telecom Companies
List of telecom companies in India
Loop Mobile
Friday, December 6, 2013
List of Electronics/Semiconductor companies
Here is a list of leading electronics/semiconductor companies.
Click on the name to go to the company's website. There are also a few links at the end of this page that may be helpful.
Do you like the article ?
Like and Give Google +1 for this Article :
Click on the name to go to the company's website. There are also a few links at the end of this page that may be helpful.
Like and Give Google +1 for this Article :
Friday, November 29, 2013
Thursday, November 28, 2013
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Questions and Answers
1.Define Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture Is Defined As The Functional Operation Of The Individual H/W Unit In A Computer System And The Flow Of Information Among The Control Of Those Units
2.Define Computer H/W
Computer H/W Is The Electronic Circuit And Electro Mechanical Equipment That Constitutes The Computer
3. What Is Meant By Cache Memory ?
A Memory That Is Smaller And Faster Than Main Memory And That Is Interposed Between The Cpu And Main Memory. The Cache Acts As A Buffer For Recently Used Memory Location
4.what is locality of reference?
Many instruction in localized area of the program are executed repeatedly during some time period and the remainder of the program is accessed relatively infrequently .this is referred as locality of reference.
5.what is IO mapped input output?
A memory reference instruction activated the READ M (or)WRITE M control line and does not affect the IO device. Separate IO instruction are required to activate the READ IOand WRITE IO lines ,which cause a word to be transferred between the address aio port and the CPU. The memory and IO address space are kept separate.
6.specify the three types of the DMA transfer techniques?
Single transfer mode(cyclestealing mode)
Block Transfer Mode(Brust Mode)
Demand Transfer Mode
Cascade Mode
7. why is memory refreshing circuit needed ?
al cells on the corresponding yow to be read and refreshed during both read and write operation .the contents of the d ram are maintained each row of cell must be accessed periodically once every 2 – 16 ms. refresh circuit usually performs this function . automatically
8 what are the functions of control unit ?
the memory arithmetic and logic ,and input and output units store and process information and perform i/p and o/p operation, the operation of these unit must be co ordinate in some way this is the task of control unit the cu is effectively the nerve center that sends the control signal to other units and sence their states.
9.What is an interrupt?
An interrupt is an event that causes the execution of one program to be suspended and another program to be executed.
10.What are the uses of interrupts?
• Recovery from errors
• Debugging
• Communication between programs
• Use of interrupts in operating system
11.Define vectored interrupts.
In order to reduce the overhead involved in the polling process, a device requesting an interrupt may identify itself directly to the CPU. Then, the CPU can immediately start executing the corresponding interrupt-service routine. The term vectored interrupts refers to all interrupt-handling schemes base on this approach.
12. What is the need for reduced instruction chip?
1. Relatively few instruction types and addressing modes.
2. Fixed and easily decoded instruction formats.
3. Fast single-cycle instruction execution.
4. Hardwired rather than microprogrammed control.
13. Name any three of the standard I/O interface.
1. SCSI (small computer system interface),bus standards
2. Back plane bus standards
3. IEEE 796 bus (multibus signals)
4. NUBUS
5. IEEE 488 bus standard
15.Explain the pipeline types.
1. Instruction pipeline
2. Arithmetic pipeline
16. Explain the various classifications of parallel structures.
1. SISD (single instruction stream single data stream
2. SIMD(single instruction stream multiple data stream
3. MIMD(multiple instruction stream multiple data stream
4. MISD(multiple instruction stream single data stream
17. What is absolute addressing mode?
The address of the location of the operand is given explicitly as a part of the instruction.
Eg. Move a , 2000
18. Specify three types of data transfer techniques.
1. Arithmetic data transfer
2. Logical data transfer
3. Programmed control data transfer
19. What is the role of MAR and MDR?
The MAR (memory address register) is used to hold the address of the location to or from which data are to be transferred and the MDR(memory data register) contains the data to be written into or read out of the addressed location.
20. What are the various types of operations required for instructions?
1. Data transfers between the main memory and the CPU registers
2. Arithmetic and logic operation on data
3. Program sequencing and control
4. I/O transfers
21. What is the role of IR and PC?
Instruction Register (IR) contains the instruction being executed. Its output is available to the control circuits, which generate the timing signals for controlling the processing circuits needed to execute the instructions. The Program Counter (PC) register keeps track of the execution of the program. It contains the memory address of the instruction currently being executed . During the execution of the current instruction, the contents of the PC are updated to correspond to the address of the next instructions to be executed.
22.Define memory access time?
The time that elapses between the initiation of an operation and completion of that operation ,for example ,the time between the READ and the MFC signals .This is Referred to as memory access time.
23. Define memory cycle time.
The minimum time delay required between the initiations of two successive memory operations, for example, the time between two successive READ operations.
24.Define Static Memories.
Memories that consist of circuits capable of retaining the state as long as power is applied are known as static memories.
25.Distinguish Between Static RAM and Dynamic RAM?
Static RAM are fast, but they come at high cost because their cells require several transistors. Less expensive RAM can be implemented if simpler cells are used. However such cells do not retain their state indefinitely; Hence they are called Dynamic RAM.
26.Distiguish between asynchronies DRAM and synchronous RAM.
The specialized memory controller circuit provides the necessary control signals, RAS And CAS ,that govern the timing. The processor must take into account the delay in the response of the memory. Such memories are referred to as asynchronous DRAMS. The DRAM whose operations is directly synchronized with a clock signal. Such Memories are known as synchronous DRAM
27.what are the various units in the computer?
1,input unit
2.output unit
3.control unit
4.memory unit
5.arithmetic and logical unit
28.what is an I/O channel?
An i/o channel is actually a special purpose processor, also called peripheral processor. The main processor initiates a transfer by passing the required information in the input output channel. the channel then takes over and controls the actual transfer of data.
29.what is a bus?
A collection of wires that connects several devices is called a bus.
30.Define word length?
Each group of n bits is referred to as a word of information and n is called the word length.
31.explain the following the address instruction?
1.three-address instruction-it can be represented as
add a,b,c
Operands a,b are called source operand and c is called destination operand.
2.two-address instruction-it can be represented as
add a,b
3.one address instruction-it can be represented as
add a
4.1 1/2 address instruction
it can be represented the type of instruction in which one address always refers to a location in the main memory and the other, shorter address always refers to a cpu register, is intermediate to the one-two-address formats because of this property is called I ½ address format.
5.zero address instruction.
It is also possible to use instruction where the location s of all operand are defined implicitly. This operand of the use of the method for storing the operand in which called push down stack. Such instructions are sometimes referred to us zero address instruction. 32.what is the straight-line sequencing?
the cpu control circuitry automatically proceed to fetch and execute instruction, one at a time in the order of the increasing addresses. This is called straight line sequencing.
33.what is the role of pc?
The cpu contains a register called the program counter, which holds the address of instruction to be executed next.. to begin the execution of the program the address of its First instruction must be placed into the pc.
34.what are steps for execution of a complete instruction?
1.fetch the instruction.
2.fetch the first operand (the contents of the memory location pointed by the address field of the instruction.)
3.perform the calculation.
4.load the result.
Monday, August 20, 2012
Group Discussion Tips | Campus Placements | Freshers Job
Here is Some Tips For Group Discussions in Campus Placements
1. Always be the initiator and concluder of the GD then being a participant.
2. But if you are participant always try to be the most vital/key participant.
3. put points firmly and always try to get others support too.
4. if you find that the discussion as going offtrack then never loose an opportunity to bring it back to stream this is the best point to score max.
5. try to keep latest information on the topic.
6. be very polite , people may try to provoke you to to get more points but try to keep cool.
7. most important don't wait for your turn to speak when discussion is on. interrupt politely if you want to put forward your points.
8. last but not the least keep an eye on the time given for discussion. score points by wrapping up the discussion if you feel that the discussion is heating but the time is going to be over.
9. during conclusion, do end with the conclusion note. that shows your leadership quality.
Best scoring points are:
1. initiation of discussion,
2.always keeping/trying to keep discussion on track
3. conclusion on time
4. your capability to keep your cool and listen as well as putting your points.
1. Always be the initiator and concluder of the GD then being a participant.
2. But if you are participant always try to be the most vital/key participant.
3. put points firmly and always try to get others support too.
4. if you find that the discussion as going offtrack then never loose an opportunity to bring it back to stream this is the best point to score max.
5. try to keep latest information on the topic.
6. be very polite , people may try to provoke you to to get more points but try to keep cool.
7. most important don't wait for your turn to speak when discussion is on. interrupt politely if you want to put forward your points.
8. last but not the least keep an eye on the time given for discussion. score points by wrapping up the discussion if you feel that the discussion is heating but the time is going to be over.
9. during conclusion, do end with the conclusion note. that shows your leadership quality.
Best scoring points are:
1. initiation of discussion,
2.always keeping/trying to keep discussion on track
3. conclusion on time
4. your capability to keep your cool and listen as well as putting your points.
Sunday, August 19, 2012
Best Job Search Site in India:Timesjob | search Job | IT job
www.timesjobs.com is very good medium to circulate our resume to different recruiters across the country.i had 3 interview calls for internship because i am on timesjob.
it is far better than linked-in.
you can add your career choices and choices for location also.
timesjobs.com is having very good industry relationships.
it also gives job recommendations which are absolutely best..
Friday, August 17, 2012
Infosys Practice Relative Speed Problems
Dear Reader, Below are three practice relative speed problems. These are actually simple but could be lengthy consuming time.
Question 1
Two persons - Srikanth and Kashyap start at --6 am on 19th February 2012 from two places – Coimbatore and Hyderabad ( 900 km away at ) — each going towards the other end in two cars. Rupashri starts from Coimbatore at 7 am on the same day from Coimbatore towards Hyderabad. Srikanth, Rupashri and Kashyap travel at 40 km/hour, 60 km/hour and 50 km/hour respectively. Which pair will meet on the way – Srikanth –Kashyap or Kashyap-Rupashri or Srikanth-Rupashri.
a) Srikanth-Kashyap b) Srikanth-Rupashri c) Kashyap-Rupashri d) none of these.
Answer :
b) Srikanth –Rupashri.
Solution :
Case I : Consider Srikanth and Kashyap
Distance between Coimbatore and Hyderabad - 900 km
Srikanth and Kashyap start at 6 am and their speeds are respectively 40 km/hour and 50 km/hour. So relative speed is 40 + 50 = 90 km. Hence they will meet after [distance between them/relative speed] = 900/90 = 10 hours from 6 am i.e 4 pm
Case II: Consider Rupashri and Kashyap
Rupashri starts at 7 am from Coimbatore – speed 60 km/hour. But since Kashyap had started at 6 am (1 hour earlier at 50Km/hr) he would have travelled 50 km by 7am. Distance between them = 900 - 50 =850 km. Relative speed = 60 + 50 = 110.
Rupashri and Kashyap will meet after [distance between them/relative speed] = 850/110 = 7 and 8/11 hours.
Case III: Consider Rupashri and Srikanth
On the other hand When Rupashri starts – 7 AM Srikanth would have travelled 40 km only (as Srikanth would had started at 6 am travelling at 40 Km/hr).
The speed of Rupashri and Srikanth = 60 and 40 km/hour. Relative speed of Rupashri with respect to Srikanth = 60 - 40 = 20 km per hour (we are subtracting the speeds in relative speed calculation as they are both travelling in same direction) and hence Rupashri will cross/meet Srikanth after [distance between them/relative speed] = 40/20 = 2 hours i.e. at 9 am.
Inference : Considering all discussed cases above, Srikanth-Rupashri will meet first at 9 am.
Question 2
The distance between Chennai and other cities is given below:
Priya starts from Chennai at 8 AM, 20th February 2012 towards Ahmedabad. Shriya starts from Ahmedabad on the same day at 9 AM towards Chennai. Ramya starts from Chennai at 10 AM on the same day towards Ahmedabad. Which pair will meet on the way – Priya - Shriya or Ramya – Priya or Ramya - Shriya? Assume Priya travelled at 100 km/hour, Ramya travelled at 110 km/hour and Shriya travelled at 90 km/hour.
a) Priya-Shriya
b) Ramya – Priya
c) Ramya – Shriya
d) None of these.
Answer :
a) Priya- Shriya
Solution :
In these types of problems careful analysis of information and appropriate understanding is very important. It is equally important to learn to identify relevant and irrelevant information in the data provided and discard the unwanted information. For example in this question distances between Chennai to other places except that of Ahmedabad is not required (unwarranted ) and can be safely ignored.
Case I
Priya starts at 8 am – speed - 100 km/hour. Shriya starts from Ahmedabad at 9 am with a speed of 90 km/hour. Original distance between Chennai and Ahmedabad is 1800 Km. But since Shriya has started 1 hour late, Priya would had covered 100 Kms (travelling at 100 Km/hr) by 9 am. Therefore, at 9 am distance between Priya and Shriya is 1800 - 100 = 1700 km. Relative speed = 100 + 90 = 190 km/hour. They will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] = 1700/190 = 8 18/19 hours from 9 am i.e. around 5.57 pm.
Case II
Ramya starts from Chennai at 10 am at 110 km/hour. But since Shriya has started at 9 am, she would had covered 90 Km (travelling at 90 Km/hr). At 10 am distance between Ramya and Shriya = 1800 + 90 = 1890 km. Relative speed = 110 + 90 = 200 km/hour. They will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] =1890/200 hours = 9 and 9/20 hours after 10 am. And it will be around 7.27 pm.
Case III
At 10 am when Ramya starts Priya would have travelled 200 km (as Priya had started at 2 hours earlier i.e at 8 am, she would had covered 200 Km in 2 hours till 10 am when Ramya starts). At 10 am Distance between Ramya and Priya is 200km. Relative speed is 110-100 = 10 km/hour (we are subtracting the speeds for relative speed calculation as both are travelling in same direction) and they will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] = 200/10 = 20 hours . But we know that Priya would had covered the entire distance between Chennai and Ahmedabad in Distance between two cities / Priya's Speed = 1800/100 = 18 hours. This means that Ramya will not be able to meet Priya before reaching Ahmedabad.
Inference : Considering all the above cases, Priya- Shriya will be meeting first.
Question 3
The chart showing the distance of different cities/towns from Madurai is given below:
Karthik travelled from Madurai to Gurgaon in his car with an average speed of 130 km/hour starting at 5 am. Jeeva travelled from Hyderabad towards Madurai in his car with an average speed of 60 km/hour starting at 10 am on the same day. Surya started at 10 am for Hyderabad from Madurai and he travelled at an average speed of 40 km/hour. Vijay started at 5 am from Gurgaon towards Madurai and he was travelling at 120 km/hour. Which pair will meet first and at what time
a) Vijay – Karthik at 1 pm
b) Surya – Jeeva at 5 pm
c) Karthik – Vijay at 3 pm
d) Jeeva – Surya at 8 pm
Answer :
c) Karthik – Vijay at 3 pm
Solution :
Relative speed of Karthik & Vijay pair - 130 + 120 = 250 km/hour.
Since both Vijay and Karthik start at 5 am the distance between them at the start will be exactly the distance between Madurai and Gurgaon from the chart = 2500 km. They will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] = 2500/250 = 10 hours from 5 am = 3 pm
Relative speed of Surya & Jeeva = 40 + 60 = 100 km/hour
Since both Surya and Jeeva started at 10 am, distance between them at the start will be exactly the distance between Madurai and Hyderabad from the chart – 100 km. They will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] = 1000/100 = 10 hours from 10 am = 8 pm.
So the pair Karthik- Vijay will meet first at 3 pm.
Two persons - Srikanth and Kashyap start at --6 am on 19th February 2012 from two places – Coimbatore and Hyderabad ( 900 km away at ) — each going towards the other end in two cars. Rupashri starts from Coimbatore at 7 am on the same day from Coimbatore towards Hyderabad. Srikanth, Rupashri and Kashyap travel at 40 km/hour, 60 km/hour and 50 km/hour respectively. Which pair will meet on the way – Srikanth –Kashyap or Kashyap-Rupashri or Srikanth-Rupashri.
a) Srikanth-Kashyap b) Srikanth-Rupashri c) Kashyap-Rupashri d) none of these.
Answer :
b) Srikanth –Rupashri.
Solution :
Case I : Consider Srikanth and Kashyap
Distance between Coimbatore and Hyderabad - 900 km
Srikanth and Kashyap start at 6 am and their speeds are respectively 40 km/hour and 50 km/hour. So relative speed is 40 + 50 = 90 km. Hence they will meet after [distance between them/relative speed] = 900/90 = 10 hours from 6 am i.e 4 pm
Case II: Consider Rupashri and Kashyap
Rupashri starts at 7 am from Coimbatore – speed 60 km/hour. But since Kashyap had started at 6 am (1 hour earlier at 50Km/hr) he would have travelled 50 km by 7am. Distance between them = 900 - 50 =850 km. Relative speed = 60 + 50 = 110.
Rupashri and Kashyap will meet after [distance between them/relative speed] = 850/110 = 7 and 8/11 hours.
Case III: Consider Rupashri and Srikanth
On the other hand When Rupashri starts – 7 AM Srikanth would have travelled 40 km only (as Srikanth would had started at 6 am travelling at 40 Km/hr).
The speed of Rupashri and Srikanth = 60 and 40 km/hour. Relative speed of Rupashri with respect to Srikanth = 60 - 40 = 20 km per hour (we are subtracting the speeds in relative speed calculation as they are both travelling in same direction) and hence Rupashri will cross/meet Srikanth after [distance between them/relative speed] = 40/20 = 2 hours i.e. at 9 am.
Inference : Considering all discussed cases above, Srikanth-Rupashri will meet first at 9 am.
Question 2
The distance between Chennai and other cities is given below:
| Agartala | 3356 | Gurgaon | 2088 | Panaji | 923 |
| Agra | 1892 | Guwahati | 2718 | Paradwip | 1359 |
| Ahmedabad | 1800 | Gwalior | 1768 | Pathankot | 2570 |
| Aizawl | 3281 | Haldia | 1660 | Patna | 2022 |
| Ajmer | 1978 | Hassan | 518 | Pondicherry | 165 |
a) Priya-Shriya
b) Ramya – Priya
c) Ramya – Shriya
d) None of these.
Answer :
a) Priya- Shriya
Solution :
In these types of problems careful analysis of information and appropriate understanding is very important. It is equally important to learn to identify relevant and irrelevant information in the data provided and discard the unwanted information. For example in this question distances between Chennai to other places except that of Ahmedabad is not required (unwarranted ) and can be safely ignored.
Case I
Priya starts at 8 am – speed - 100 km/hour. Shriya starts from Ahmedabad at 9 am with a speed of 90 km/hour. Original distance between Chennai and Ahmedabad is 1800 Km. But since Shriya has started 1 hour late, Priya would had covered 100 Kms (travelling at 100 Km/hr) by 9 am. Therefore, at 9 am distance between Priya and Shriya is 1800 - 100 = 1700 km. Relative speed = 100 + 90 = 190 km/hour. They will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] = 1700/190 = 8 18/19 hours from 9 am i.e. around 5.57 pm.
Case II
Ramya starts from Chennai at 10 am at 110 km/hour. But since Shriya has started at 9 am, she would had covered 90 Km (travelling at 90 Km/hr). At 10 am distance between Ramya and Shriya = 1800 + 90 = 1890 km. Relative speed = 110 + 90 = 200 km/hour. They will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] =1890/200 hours = 9 and 9/20 hours after 10 am. And it will be around 7.27 pm.
Case III
At 10 am when Ramya starts Priya would have travelled 200 km (as Priya had started at 2 hours earlier i.e at 8 am, she would had covered 200 Km in 2 hours till 10 am when Ramya starts). At 10 am Distance between Ramya and Priya is 200km. Relative speed is 110-100 = 10 km/hour (we are subtracting the speeds for relative speed calculation as both are travelling in same direction) and they will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] = 200/10 = 20 hours . But we know that Priya would had covered the entire distance between Chennai and Ahmedabad in Distance between two cities / Priya's Speed = 1800/100 = 18 hours. This means that Ramya will not be able to meet Priya before reaching Ahmedabad.
Inference : Considering all the above cases, Priya- Shriya will be meeting first.
Question 3
The chart showing the distance of different cities/towns from Madurai is given below:
| City | Distance (Kms) | City | Distance (Kms) | City | Distance (Kms) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agartala | 3800 | Guntur | 840 | Panaji | 1024 |
| Agra | 2304 | Gurgaon | 2500 | Paradwip | 1803 |
| Ahmedabad | 1938 | Guwahati | 3162 | Pathankot | 2982 |
| Akola | 1507 | Hasan | 533 | Porbandar | 2332 |
| Allahabad | 2100 | Hubli | 851 | Purulia | 2146 |
| Ambala | 2698 | Hyderabad | 1000 | Raipur | 1773 |
a) Vijay – Karthik at 1 pm
b) Surya – Jeeva at 5 pm
c) Karthik – Vijay at 3 pm
d) Jeeva – Surya at 8 pm
Answer :
c) Karthik – Vijay at 3 pm
Solution :
Relative speed of Karthik & Vijay pair - 130 + 120 = 250 km/hour.
Since both Vijay and Karthik start at 5 am the distance between them at the start will be exactly the distance between Madurai and Gurgaon from the chart = 2500 km. They will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] = 2500/250 = 10 hours from 5 am = 3 pm
Relative speed of Surya & Jeeva = 40 + 60 = 100 km/hour
Since both Surya and Jeeva started at 10 am, distance between them at the start will be exactly the distance between Madurai and Hyderabad from the chart – 100 km. They will meet at [Distance between them / Relative speed] = 1000/100 = 10 hours from 10 am = 8 pm.
So the pair Karthik- Vijay will meet first at 3 pm.
Wednesday, August 15, 2012
Job Interview Question - If I tell you, you are an IDIOT, a FOOL, a RASCAL; can you think anything positive about it?
I - Intelligent.D - Determined.I - Innovative.O - Optimistic.T - Truthful and Talented.
F - Faithful.O - Optimistic.O - Obedient.L - Loyal.
R - Religious.A - Adaptable.S - Simple and Sober.C - Competent, Capable and Co-Operative.A - Adept.L - Loyal.
F - Faithful.O - Optimistic.O - Obedient.L - Loyal.
R - Religious.A - Adaptable.S - Simple and Sober.C - Competent, Capable and Co-Operative.A - Adept.L - Loyal.
Monday, August 13, 2012
Micro Processor Questions
- What are the various registers in 8085? - Accumulator register, Temporary register, Instruction register, Stack Pointer, Program Counter are the various registers in 8085 .
- In 8085 name the 16 bit registers? - Stack pointer and Program counter all have 16 bits.
- What are the various flags used in 8085? - Sign flag, Zero flag, Auxillary flag, Parity flag, Carry flag.
- What is Stack Pointer? - Stack pointer is a special purpose 16-bit register in the Microprocessor, which holds the address of the top of the stack.
- What is Program counter? - Program counter holds the address of either the first byte of the next instruction to be fetched for execution or the address of the next byte of a multi byte instruction, which has not been completely fetched. In both the cases it gets incremented automatically one by one as the instruction bytes get fetched. Also Program register keeps the address of the next instruction.
- Which Stack is used in 8085? - LIFO (Last In First Out) stack is used in 8085.In this type of Stack the last stored information can be retrieved first.
- What happens when HLT instruction is executed in processor? - The Micro Processor enters into Halt-State and the buses are tri-stated.
- What is meant by a bus? - A bus is a group of conducting lines that carriers data, address, & control signals.
- What is Tri-state logic? - Three Logic Levels are used and they are High, Low, High impedance state. The high and low are normal logic levels & high impedance state is electrical open circuit conditions. Tri-state logic has a third line called enable line.
- Give an example of one address microprocessor? - 8085 is a one address microprocessor.
- In what way interrupts are classified in 8085? - In 8085 the interrupts are classified as Hardware and Software interrupts.
- What are Hardware interrupts? - TRAP, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5, INTR.
- What are Software interrupts? - RST0, RST1, RST2, RST3, RST4, RST5, RST6, RST7.
- Which interrupt has the highest priority? - TRAP has the highest priority.
- Name 5 different addressing modes? - Immediate, Direct, Register, Register indirect, Implied addressing modes.
- How many interrupts are there in 8085? - There are 12 interrupts in 8085.
- What is clock frequency for 8085? - 3 MHz is the maximum clock frequency for 8085.
- What is the RST for the TRAP? - RST 4.5 is called as TRAP.
- In 8085 which is called as High order / Low order Register? - Flag is called as Low order register & Accumulator is called as High order Register.
- What are input & output devices? - Keyboards, Floppy disk are the examples of input devices. Printer, LED / LCD display, CRT Monitor are the examples of output devices.
- Can an RC circuit be used as clock source for 8085? - Yes, it can be used, if an accurate clock frequency is not required. Also, the component cost is low compared to LC or Crystal.
- Why crystal is a preferred clock source? - Because of high stability, large Q (Quality Factor) & the frequency that doesn’t drift with aging. Crystal is used as a clock source most of the times.
- Which interrupt is not level-sensitive in 8085? - RST 7.5 is a raising edge-triggering interrupt.
- What does Quality factor mean? - The Quality factor is also defined, as Q. So it is a number, which reflects the lossness of a circuit. Higher the Q, the lower are the losses.
- What are level-triggering interrupt? - RST 6.5 & RST 5.5 are level-triggering interrupts.
Some Interesting and Confusing Questions in VLSI
1.what are the differences between SIMULATION and SYNTHESIS
Simulation <= verify your design. synthesis <= Check for your timing Simulation is used to verify the functionality of the circuit..
a)Functional Simulation:study of ckt's operation independent of timing parameters and gate delays.
b) Timing Simulation :study including estimated delays, verify setup,hold and other timing requirements of devices like flip flops are met.Synthesis:One of the foremost in back end steps where by synthesizing is nothing but converting VHDL or VERILOG description to a set of primitives(equations as in CPLD) or components(as in FPGA'S)to fit into the target technology.Basically the synthesis tools convert the design description into equations or components
2.What are the differences between latches & flipflops?There are 2 types of circuits:1. Combinational2. Sequential
Latches and flipflops both come under the category of "sequential circuits".Difference: Latches are level-sensitive, whereas, FF are edge sensitive. By edge sensitive, I mean O/p changes only when there is a clock transition.( from 1 to 0, or from 0 to 1)Example: In a flipflop, inputs have arrived on the input lines at time= 2 seconds. But, output won't change immediately. At time = 3 seconds, clock transition takes place. After that, O/P will change.Flip-flops are of 2 types:1.Positive edge triggered2. negative edge triggered1)fllipflops take twice the nymber of gates as latches2) so automatically delay is more for flipflops3)power consumption is also more
3.What is slack?The slack is the time delay difference from the expected delay(1/clock) to the actual delay in a particular path.Slack may be +ve or -ve.
Simulation <= verify your design. synthesis <= Check for your timing Simulation is used to verify the functionality of the circuit..
a)Functional Simulation:study of ckt's operation independent of timing parameters and gate delays.
b) Timing Simulation :study including estimated delays, verify setup,hold and other timing requirements of devices like flip flops are met.Synthesis:One of the foremost in back end steps where by synthesizing is nothing but converting VHDL or VERILOG description to a set of primitives(equations as in CPLD) or components(as in FPGA'S)to fit into the target technology.Basically the synthesis tools convert the design description into equations or components
2.What are the differences between latches & flipflops?There are 2 types of circuits:1. Combinational2. Sequential
Latches and flipflops both come under the category of "sequential circuits".Difference: Latches are level-sensitive, whereas, FF are edge sensitive. By edge sensitive, I mean O/p changes only when there is a clock transition.( from 1 to 0, or from 0 to 1)Example: In a flipflop, inputs have arrived on the input lines at time= 2 seconds. But, output won't change immediately. At time = 3 seconds, clock transition takes place. After that, O/P will change.Flip-flops are of 2 types:1.Positive edge triggered2. negative edge triggered1)fllipflops take twice the nymber of gates as latches2) so automatically delay is more for flipflops3)power consumption is also more
3.What is slack?The slack is the time delay difference from the expected delay(1/clock) to the actual delay in a particular path.Slack may be +ve or -ve.
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